Peter Leavitt
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Browsing Peter Leavitt by Author "Bergbusch, Nathanael T."
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Item Open Access Effects of nitrogen removal from wastewater on phytoplankton in eutrophic prairie streams(Wiley, 2021-10-15) Bergbusch, Nathanael T.; Hayes, Nicole M.; Simpson, Gavin L.; Swarbrick, Vanessa J.; Quiñones-Rivera, Zoraida J.; Leavitt, Peter R.1. Biological nutrient removal (BNR) may be an effective strategy to reduce eutrophication; however, concerns remain about effects on receiving waters of removing both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), rather than P alone. 2. Phytoplankton abundance (as µg chlorophyll a/L) and community composition (as nmol biomarker pigment/L) were quantified over 6 years in two connected eutrophic streams to determine how algae and cyanobacteria varied in response to a shift from tertiary (P removal) to BNR (N and P removal) wastewater treatment. 3. Phytoplankton were sampled biweekly at nine stations May to September and were analysed using generalised additive models (GAMs) to quantify landscape patterns of phototrophs and identify potential causal relationships both before (2010–2012) and after (2017–2019) BNR installation in 2016. 4. Analysis with GAMs showed that 69%–79% of deviance in phytoplankton abundance and composition could be explained by date- and site-specific variance in stream flow, temperature, and solute concentrations (mainly nutrients), whereas similar GAMs using only effluent N content (δ15Nwater) as a predictor explained c. 60% of phototroph deviance. Prior to BNR, phytoplankton levels (mainly chlorophytes) increased with urn:x-wiley:00465070:media:fwb13833:fwb13833-math-0001-rich effluent, whereas their abundance declined with δ15N after BNR (diatoms, chlorophytes). 5. Overall, declines in total effluent release of N (67%–97%) but not P (c. 0%) due to BNR resulted in a 52 ± 7% decline in phytoplankton abundance relative to upstream values, despite high inter-annual variation in discharge and baseline chlorophyll a concentration. 6. Nitrogen removal by BNR improved water quality in N-limited ecosystems.Item Open Access Spatial and temporal patterns of urea content in a eutrophic stream continuum on the Northern Great Plains(Springer, 2021-10-21) Swarbrick, Vanessa J.; Bergbusch, Nathanael T.; Leavitt, Peter R.Urea can degrade water quality and stimulate toxic phytoplankton in P-rich lakes, yet little is known of its sources, abundance, or transportation in lotic systems, particularly within the Northern Great Plains. We measured physico-chemical parameters biweekly during May–September 2010–2012 at 16 stations along a 250 km lotic continuum to quantify spatial and temporal variation in urea concentrations and discharge, and to identify potential regulatory processes. Urea concentrations were similar to those in regional prairie lakes (range 5.2–792.1, median 78.6 μg N L−1) with variable seasonal mean (± SD) concentrations (96.6 ± 96.1 μg N L−1) and fluxes (4.22 × 105 ± 257.6 μg N s−1). Landscape analysis with generalized additive models explained 68.3% of deviance in urea concentrations, with high temporal variability predicted mainly by positive relationships with nutrient content and chlorophyte abundance, but not temperature, dissolved organic matter, bacterial abundance, or urban effluent. Seasonal analysis revealed that during spring, urea content was correlated negatively with leguminous forage cover (% area) and positively with stream discharge, oilseed and cereal crops, and shrubs or deciduous plants, while during summer, urea concentrations were correlated negatively with discharge and leguminous crop cover, as well as nutrient levels. Mean porewater urea concentrations (528.5 ± 229.8 μg N L−1) were over five-fold greater than stream concentrations, suggesting that hyporheic production may offset declining influx from terrestrial sources during summer. We conclude that urea may be ubiquitous in eutrophic prairie streams and that management of its export from land may reduce detrimental effects on downstream lakes.Item Open Access Unexpected shift from phytoplankton to periphyton in eutrophic streams due to wastewater influx(Wiley, 2021-05-08) Bergbusch, Nathanael T.; Hayes, Nicole M.; Simpson, Gavin L.; Leavitt, Peter R.Pollution with nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) impairs streams by favoring suspended algae and cyano- bacteria over diatom-rich periphyton. Recently, wastewater treatment plants have been upgraded to biological nutrient removal to eliminate both P and N (mainly NH4+), although little is known of the effects of this effluent on flowing waters. Here, we used high performance liquid chromatography to quantify how the abundance and composition of phytoplankton and periphyton varied in response to both influx of effluent produced by biologi- cal nutrient removal and physico-chemical conditions in small, turbid, P-rich streams of the northern Great Plains. At the catchment scale, analysis with generalized additive models (GAMs) explained 40.5–62.6% of devi- ance in total phototroph abundance (as Chl a) and 72.5–82.5% of deviance in community composition (as biomarker carotenoids) in both planktonic and benthic habitats when date- and site-specific physico-chemical parameters were used as predictors. In contrast, GAMs using wastewater input (as aqueous δ15 N) as a predictor explained up to 50% of deviance in Chl a, and ~60% of deviance in community composition, in both suspended (51.6% of Chl a, 67.1% of composition) and attached communities (21.5% of Chl a, 58.8% of composition). Phy- toplankton was replaced by periphyton within a 60-km wastewater-impacted reach due to dilution of streams by transparent effluent and addition of urban NO3 , although predominance of phytoplankton was re-established after confluence with higher-order streams. Overall, influx of effluent shifted turbid, phytoplankton-rich streams to clear ecosystems with abundant epilithon by improving water transparency and providing NO3 to favor benthic diatoms and chlorophytes.