Browsing by Author "Malloy, David C."

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Open Access
A Scoping Review of the Components of Moral Resilience: Its Role in Addressing Moral Injury or Moral Distress for High-Risk Occupation Workers
(Springer, 2023-12-14) Osifeso, Temitope; Crocker, Sierra J.; Lentz, Liana; Smith-MacDonald, Lorraine; Seliman, Merna; Limenih, Gojjam; MacPhee, Renée, S.; Anderson, Gregory S.; Brémault-Phillips, Suzette; Malloy, David C.; Carleton, R. Nicholas
Purpose of Review: High-risk occupation workers (HROWs) are often exposed to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) which can contribute to moral distress (MD) or moral injury (MI). Moral resilience (MR) has been proposed as a protective or moderating factor to protect HROWs from harm caused by PMIE exposures. The current review was designed to: 1) update the definition of MR to a broader context of HROWs; 2) identify components of MR for HROWs; and 3) determine demographic variables that may impact MR development.
Open Access
A controlled investigation of continuing pain education for long-term care staff
(Hindawi, 2013) Ghandehari, Omeed, O; Hadjistavropoulos, Thomas; Williams, Jaime; Thorpe, Lilian; Alfano, Dennis P.; Dal Bello-Haas, Vanina; Malloy, David C.; Martin, Ronald, R.; Rahaman, Omar; Zwakhale, Sandra, M.G.; Carleton, R. Nicholas; Hunter, Paulette V.; Lix, Lisa M.
The underassessment and undertreatment of pain in residents of long-term care (LTC) facilities has been well documented. Gaps in staff knowledge and inaccurate beliefs have been identified as contributors.OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effectiveness of an expert-based continuing education program in pain assessment/management for LTC staff.METHODS: Participants included 131 LTC staff members who were randomly assigned to either an interactive pain education (PE) program, which addressed gaps in knowledge such as medication management, or an interactive control program consisting of general dementia education without a specific clinical focus. Participants attended three sessions, each lasting 3 h, and completed measures of pain-related knowledge and attitudes/beliefs before, immediately after and two weeks following the program. Focus groups were conducted with a subset of participants to gauge perception of the training program and barriers to implementing pain-related strategies.RESULTS: Analysis using ANOVA revealed that PE participants demonstrated larger gains compared with control participants with regard to pain knowledge and pain beliefs. Barriers to implementing pain-related strategies certainly exist. Nonetheless, qualitative analyses demonstrated that PE participants reported that they overcame many of these barriers and used pain management strategies four times more frequently than control participants.CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to previous research, the present study found that the interactive PE program was effective in changing pain beliefs and improving knowledge. Continuing PE in LTC has the potential to address knowledge gaps among front-line LTC providers.
Open Access
An Empirical Study of Health Professionals' Beliefs about Personhood in Dementia and Their Influence on Intended Patient Care
(Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Regina, 2012-07) Hunter, Paulette Vanessa; Hadjistavropoulos, Thomas; Smythe, William; Sharpe, Donald; Asmundson, Gordon; Malloy, David C.; Phinney, Alison
Three studies were conducted to measure health providers' beliefs about the personhood of long-term care residents with dementia, and the influence of these beliefs on health providers' intended actions toward patients in the long-term care contexts. In Study I, a Likert-format measure of health providers' beliefs about the personhood of long-term care residents with dementia (the Personhood in Dementia Questionnaire) was created after reviewing relevant literature and consulting with health providers. In Study II, this questionnaire was administered to a pilot sample of nurses and continuing care assistants. Psychometric analysis and subject matter expert review were used to reduce the length of the questionnaire to 20 items by deleting items that were less desirable from either theoretic or psychometric standpoints. The Revised questionnaire demonstrated good internal consistency reliability, and preliminary tests of external validity revealed a stronger correlation with a measure of beliefs about person-centered care than with a measure of beliefs about cancer treatment. Study III tested the criterion validity of the Personhood in Dementia Questionnaire by examining its significance as a predictor of health providers' responses to a health care vignette series. The Personhood in Dementia Quesionnaire, together with the cognitive status of the patients described in the vignette series was a significant predictor of all three intervention strategies identified as possible responses to the vignettes. Specifically, higher Personhood in Dementia Questionnaire scores were associated with an increased likelihood of considering pain medication and non-pharmacologic methods as intervention strategies. They were also associated with a decreased likelihood of considering anxiolytic medications. Overall, results from this study series show that it is possible to identify and measure health providers' beliefs about personhood in dementia. The results also provide initial evidence of the internal consistency reliability and of the external validity, including the criterion validity, of the Personhood in Dementia Questionnaire. The Personhood in dementia Quesionnaire can be used to evaluate components of person-centered dementia care interventions that target health providers' beliefs about the personhood of patients with dementia.
Open Access
Identifying Coaching Abuses in Youth Sport: A Human Rights Approach for Policy Development
(Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Regina, 2013-08) Cook, Elaine; Dorsch, Kim; Malloy, David C.; Rhind, Daniel; Kerr, Gretchen
Research indicates that the culture of sport tends to promote an idealized, or mythologized perception of the benefits of participation for youth (Brackenridge, 2006; Forster, 2006; Houlihan et al., 2011). The belief that sport is a moral oasis (Brackenridge, 2006) has had a serious negative impact on our understanding of the harm caused by abuse in youth sports. In particular, there is a lack of data, monitoring, evaluation, and universal definitions of abusive coaching behaviours, despite the general acknowledgement that coaches wield considerable power and influence that extends beyond the playing field. Without such information it is extremely difficult to develop and enforce policies that protect the rights of children who engage in sport. Therefore, it is the purpose of this study to classify observations made about unacceptable coaching behaviors, in order to identify behaviours that violate the rights of children, which in turn will provide the information necessary to develop policy statements intended to guide the conduct of coaches. Comments (164) from 4 different sports (ice hockey, baseball, basketball, and football) – collected by the Justplay Behaviour Management Program -will be deductively analyzed and categorized into the Typology of Coaching Transgressions (TOCT) model. Measures of construct and content validity provide evidence of the content and construct adequacy of the TOCT model. Results indicate that across all sports, indirect coaching abuses outnumber direct coaching abuses, χ2 (3, 255)= .18.52, p = .000, the two contact sports, hockey and football, contain the greatest number of direct abuses, χ2 (1, 255) = 10.79, p = .001, and they also contain the greatest number of neglect behaviours, χ2 (3, 255) = 9.27, p = .026 (two cells had less than 5 behaviours). Finally, psychological and modeling behaviours are the greatest percentage of all behaviours across all sports (43.5% and 44.7% respectively).
Open Access
Mentorship : A Handbook for Faculty and Graduate Students at the University of Regina
(Faculty of Graduate Studies & Research, University of Regina, 2006) Malloy, David C.; Blachford, Dongyan; Makelki, Michelle C.; Carleton, Nick
Open Access
Ordinary Ethics and the Ethics Code of the American Anthropological Association
(Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Regina, 2014-04) Springer, Lindsay Marie; London Sulkin, Carlos; Calkowski, Marcia; Lankauskas, Gediminas; Malloy, David C.
The anthropological theory of “ordinary ethics” makes the established case that ethics involves judgements made in specific situations and using criteria acquired through social interaction, but emphasises that ethics are usually relatively implicit, becoming explicit in response to crisis, controversy, and change. One of the questions raised by this theoretical perspective concerns the relationship of implicit ethical judgments to more explicit forms of ethics, such as an ethics code. To address this question, this study applies the theory of ordinary ethics to the ethics code of the American Anthropological Association (AAA), the largest professional association for anthropologists. This thesis also addresses two additional supporting research questions: First, how has the AAA ethics code changed over time, and why does it change? Second, what is the role and purpose of ethics codes in anthropology, and what are the limitations? A first, historical component of my research involved comparing different versions of the AAA ethics code, and seeing how these related to contemporary ethical debates and controversies. I then conducted qualitative interviews with eleven anthropologists. Participants described their experiences with and opinions of the AAA ethics code and the debates around it, their broader experience with and understanding of ethical issues and dilemmas in anthropological fieldwork, and their ideas about the usefulness and importance of codes of ethics to ethics education and decision-making in anthropology. The results of the ethnographic component of the research support the sense that anthropologists constitute a community, with members socialized in such a way that they share a highly explicit concern for the ethics of their own and their discipline’s practices. The historical research reveals that the code is revised in response to crises in the discipline. For some anthropologists, responding to crises by formulating shared ethical standards may strengthen a feeling of a community, but others who identify as anthropologists may feel excluded by the assumptions in those standards. The revision process inspires debate, and to that extent it serves as a way to have a shared conversation about ethics in the discipline. Anthropological fieldwork is already a case of ethics out of the ordinary, and the debates around the AAA ethics code are an extension of this.
Open Access
A Qualitative Analysis of the Mental Health Training and Educational Needs of Firefighters, Paramedics, and Public Safety Communicators in Canada
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2022-06-07) Lentz, Liana; Smith-MacDonald, Lorraine; Malloy, David C.; Anderson, Gregory S.; Beshai, Shadi; Ricciardelli, Rosemary; Brémault-Phillips, Suzette; Carleton, R. Nicholas
Background—Public safety personnel (PSP) are at heightened risk of developing mental health challenges due to exposures to diverse stressors including potentially psychologically traumatic experiences. An increased focus on protecting PSP mental health has prompted demand for interventions designed to enhance resilience. While hundreds of available interventions are aimed to improve resilience and protect PSPs’ mental health, research evidence regarding intervention effectiveness remains sparse. Methods—Focus groups with PSP elicited a discussion of psychoeducational program content, preferred modes of program delivery, when such training should occur, and to whom it ought to be targeted. Results—The results of thematic analyses suggest that PSP participants feel that contemporary approaches to improving mental health and resilience are lacking. While welcomed, the provision of sporadic one-off mental health and resilience programs by organizations was seen as insufficient, and the available organizational mental health supports were perceived as being questionable. The available programs also left participants feeling insufficiently prepared to deal with personal mental health problems and in discussing mental health concerns with co-workers. Conclusions—Participants reported needing more engaging methods for delivering information, career-long mental health knowledge acquisition, and a systems approach to improve the workplace culture, particularly regarding mental health.