Altered Envelope Structure and Nanomechanical Properties of a C-Terminal Protease A-Deficient Rhizobium leguminosarum
Date
2020-09-16
Authors
Jun, Dong
Idem, Ubong
Dahms, Tanya E. S.
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Abstract
- Background: Many factors can impact bacterial mechanical properties, which play an important role in survival and adaptation. This study characterizes the ultrastructural phenotype, elastic and viscoelastic properties of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 and the C-terminal protease A (ctpA) null mutant strain predicted to have a compromised cell envelope; (2) Methods: To probe the cell envelope, we used transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) force spectroscopy, and time-dependent AFM creep deformation; (3) Results: TEM images show a compromised and often detached outer membrane for the ctpA mutant. Muropeptide characterization by HPLC and MS showed an increase in peptidoglycan dimeric peptide (GlcNAc-MurNAc-Ala-Glu-meso-DAP-Ala-meso-DAP-Glu-Ala-MurNAc-GlcNAc) for the ctpA mutant, indicative of increased crosslinking. The ctpA mutant had significantly larger spring constants than wild type under all hydrated conditions, attributable to more highly crosslinked peptidoglycan. Time-dependent AFM creep deformation for both the wild type and ctpA mutant was indicative of a viscoelastic cell envelope, with best fit to the four-element Burgers model and generating values for viscoelastic parameters k1, k2, η1, and η2; (4) Conclusions: The viscoelastic response of the ctpA mutant is consistent with both its compromised outer membrane (TEM) and fortified peptidoglycan layer (HPLC/MS).
Description
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Keywords
atomic force microscopy, cell envelope, C-terminal protease, force spectroscopy, Rhizobium leguminosarum, viscoelasticity
Citation
Jun D., Idem U., Dahms T. E. S.* (2020) Altered Envelope Structure and Nanomechanical Properties of a C-Terminal Protease A-Deficient Rhizobium leguminosarum. Microorganisms 8(9):1421. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8091421