Deeper waters are changing less consistently than surface waters in a global analysis of 102 lakes

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dc.contributor.authorPilla, Rachel M.
dc.contributor.authorWilliamson, Craig E.
dc.contributor.authorAdamovich, Boris V.
dc.contributor.authorAdrian, Rita
dc.contributor.authorAnneville, Orlane
dc.contributor.authorChandra, Sudeep
dc.contributor.authorColom‑Montero, William
dc.contributor.authorDevlin, Shawn P.
dc.contributor.authorDix, Margaret A.
dc.contributor.authorDokulil, Martin T.
dc.contributor.authorGaiser, Evelyn E.
dc.contributor.authorGirdner, Scott F.
dc.contributor.authorHambright, K. David
dc.contributor.authorHamilton, David P.
dc.contributor.authorHavens, Karl
dc.contributor.authorHessen, Dag O.
dc.contributor.authorHiggins, Scott N.
dc.contributor.authorHuttula, Timo H.
dc.contributor.authorHuuskonen, Hannu
dc.contributor.authorIsles, Peter D. F.
dc.contributor.authorJoehnk, Klaus D.
dc.contributor.authorJones, Ian D.
dc.contributor.authorKeller, Wendel Bill
dc.contributor.authorKnoll, Lesley B.
dc.contributor.authorKorhonen, Johanna
dc.contributor.authorKraemer, Benjamin M.
dc.contributor.authorLeavitt, Peter R.
dc.contributor.authorLepori, Fabio
dc.contributor.authorLuger, Martin S.
dc.contributor.authorMaberly, Stephen C.
dc.contributor.authorMelack, John M.
dc.contributor.authorMelles, Stephanie J.
dc.contributor.authorMüller‑Navarra, Dörthe C.
dc.contributor.authorPierson, Don C.
dc.contributor.authorPislegina, Helen V.
dc.contributor.authorPlisnier, Pierre‑Denis
dc.contributor.authorRichardson, David C.
dc.contributor.authorRimmer, Alon
dc.contributor.authorRogora, Michela
dc.contributor.authorRusak, James A.
dc.contributor.authorSadro, Steven
dc.contributor.authorSalmaso, Nico
dc.contributor.authorSaros, Jasmine E.
dc.contributor.authorSaulnier‑Talbot, Émilie
dc.contributor.authorSchindler, Daniel E.
dc.contributor.authorSchmid, Martin
dc.contributor.authorShimaraeva, Svetlana V.
dc.contributor.authorSilow, Eugene A.
dc.contributor.authorSitoki, Lewis M.
dc.contributor.authorSommaruga, Ruben
dc.contributor.authorStraile, Dietmar
dc.contributor.authorStrock, Kristin E.
dc.contributor.authorThiery, Wim
dc.contributor.authorTimofeyev, Maxim A.
dc.contributor.authorVerburg, Piet
dc.contributor.authorVinebrooke, Rolf D.
dc.contributor.authorWeyhenmeyer, Gesa A.
dc.contributor.authorZadereev, Egor
dc.date.accessioned2023-04-28T17:23:33Z
dc.date.available2023-04-28T17:23:33Z
dc.date.issued2020-11-25
dc.description© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Nature Research. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/.en_US
dc.description.abstractGlobally, lake surface water temperatures have warmed rapidly relative to air temperatures, but changes in deepwater temperatures and vertical thermal structure are still largely unknown. We have compiled the most comprehensive data set to date of long-term (1970–2009) summertime vertical temperature profiles in lakes across the world to examine trends and drivers of whole-lake vertical thermal structure. We found significant increases in surface water temperatures across lakes at an average rate of + 0.37 °C decade−1, comparable to changes reported previously for other lakes, and similarly consistent trends of increasing water column stability (+ 0.08 kg m−3 decade−1). In contrast, however, deepwater temperature trends showed little change on average (+ 0.06 °C decade−1), but had high variability across lakes, with trends in individual lakes ranging from − 0.68 °C decade−1 to + 0.65 °C decade−1. The variability in deepwater temperature trends was not explained by trends in either surface water temperatures or thermal stability within lakes, and only 8.4% was explained by lake thermal region or local lake characteristics in a random forest analysis. These findings suggest that external drivers beyond our tested lake characteristics are important in explaining long-term trends in thermal structure, such as local to regional climate patterns or additional external anthropogenic influences.en_US
dc.description.authorstatusFacultyen_US
dc.description.peerreviewyesen_US
dc.description.sponsorshipFunding in support of this work came from the following sources: Belarus Republican Foundation for Fundamental Research; IGB Long-Term Research; the European Commission within the MANTEL project; the DFG within the LimnoScenES project (AD 91/22-1); OLA-IS, AnaEE-France, INRAE of Thonon-les-Bains, CIPEL, SILA, CISALB; Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Archbold Biological Station; the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, the Oklahoma Water Resources Board, the Grand River Dam Authority, the US Army Corps of Engineers, and the City of Tulsa; the Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment (UOW X1503); the Natural Environment Research Council of the UK; the IGB’s International Postdoctoral Fellowship; NSERC, Canada Foundation for Innovation, Canada Research Chairs, Province of Saskatchewan; University of Regina; Queen’s University Belfast; Natural Environment Research Council; US-NSF, California Air Resources Board, NASA, and US National Park Service; the Ministry of Higher Education and Research (projects № FZZE-2020-0026; № FZZE-2020-0023) and RSCF 20-64-46003; US National Science Foundation Long Term Research in Environmental Biology program (DEB-1242626); the Environmental Agency of Verona; US National Science Foundation, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Mellon Foundation, and the University of Washington; KMFRI, LVEMP, University of Innsbruck, OeAD, IFS, and LVFO-EU; Waikato Regional Council and Bay of Plenty Regional Council; Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and the Swedish Infrastructure for Ecosystem Sciences; US National Science Foundation grants DEB-1754276 and DEB-1950170.en_US
dc.identifier.citationPilla, R.M., Williamson, C.E., Adamovich, B.V. et al. Deeper waters are changing less consistently than surface waters in a global analysis of 102 lakes. Sci Rep 10, 20514 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76873-xen_US
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76873-x
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10294/15894
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherNature Researchen_US
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International*
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/*
dc.titleDeeper waters are changing less consistently than surface waters in a global analysis of 102 lakesen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
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