Putting Theory into Practice: Transferring Creativity into Community Wisdom III (2008)

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10294/1470

Conference held April 11-12, 2008.

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Open Access
An Alternative Proposal For Sustainable Development: The Ecuador’s ITT Project
(University of Regina, Graduate Students' Association, 2008-04) Condor-Tarco, Jose
The ITT heavy oil project in Ecuador has been under constant debate in the country’s oil industry. The three fields, Ishpingo, Tiputini and Tambococha, are guessed to have a combined of more than 5 billion barrels of in-place reserves. Tiputini field, the first one being discovered, was included as reserves as far back as 1970, but due to its oil´s quality this field was not exploited. It is only nowadays that the Ecuadorian government is trying to make use of it. The ITT fields are widely known to be located in an environmentally sensitive area and many believe they should not be developed at all. This prompted the government of Ecuador to ask the international community if any organization would be willing to pay it $350 million a year to leave the fields undeveloped. Some interest has been shown in this route, and if it goes ahead, it would lead to ITT being probably the first major field in the world to have its development ‘bought out’ on environmental grounds. First, this poster deals with the feasibility of ITT exploitation considering its driving forces and obstacles. The second part consists of an alternative option proposed by the Ecuadorian government to the international community to leave the oil underground. The Ecuadorian government is requesting to the international community an economic compensation in change for leaving the oil underground.
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Constructing Identity: Stories of Canadian Parents Bringing up Children adopted from China- The role of heritage culture and language
(University of Regina, Graduate Students' Association, 2008-04) Bian, Fang
International adoption is increasing rapidly during the last two decades in Canada and United States. Canadian families with children adopted from China have been leading the statistics of the international adoption in Canada. For the last decade, it steadily made up over half of the international adoptions. Despite of the growing population of the children adopted internationally and interracially, relatively little is known about their social and cultural identity development after their arrival. The presentation will share the parents’ perspective on the meaning of heritage language and culture to the well-being of the children adopted interracially and their adopting families. Some selected literature review and some findings of interviews with the adoptive parents will be discussed. More and more Canadian parents are bringing up children adopted transracially, and over half of these children are from China. How the parents see the role of heritage culture and language playing the identity development of these children will be shared in the presentation.
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A Contextual Framework for Emotional Ana
(University of Regina, Graduate Students' Association, 2008-04) Cazakoff, Mark; Gerhard, David
Most listeners of music show some emotional reaction, but this reaction is often hard to quantify. The analysis of the emotional content of music has been an outstanding goal of music information retrieval for some time. Many researchers have developed systems which classify music on a simple scale or using simple correlations between key structure. This is an attempt at formalizing the relationship of musical characteristics such as structure, timbre, tempo and lyric, with emotional responses. The framework presented in this paper describes four elements of the experience of emotion in music: Taxonomy, Content, Context and Response, and relates these elements to the analysis of emotion in music. An attempt at formalizing the relationship of musical characteristics with emotional responses.
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Development of a community-based participatory network for integrated solid waste management
(University of Regina, Graduate Students' Association, 2008-04) Cai, Yanpeng; Huang, Guohe; Hui, Yu; Qian, Tan
Major theme of the research is to develop a participatory network for integrated solid waste management under uncertainty and complexity through a broad participation of stakeholders. The network can integrate relevant factors, processes, objectives and their interactions into a general modeling framework through comprehensive data collection, participatory modeling formulation and interactive policy analysis. Methods of questionnaire survey, systems analysis, stochastic process forecasting and inexact optimization will be jointly employed to allow systematic and comprehensive consideration of a number of social, economic, environmental and technical issues that are related to solid waste management at a community scale. It is anticipated that the proposed research can be directly useful for accomplishing integrated solid-waste management in many communities. The proposed network can be effective for easing the environmental burdens that exacerbate local people, strengthening the capacity of the stakeholders to access environmental services. The research outcomes include (a) results of the nature of environmental burdens and their impacts, (b) a participatory network for the collaboration of poor urban communities, NGOs, service providers and multiple-scale governments, (c) techniques for the promotion of community involvement and public participation in formulating policies related to integrated solid waste management, and (d) optimal decision alternatives for the collection, storage, transportation and disposal of solid waste. This research is to develop a community-scale participatory network for solid waste management, which is based on Methods of questionnaire survey, systems analysis, stochastic process forecasting and inexact optimization. The network could be useful for management municipal solid waste under multiple objectives.
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Do mixed electoral systems encourage voter turnout?
(University of Regina, Graduate Students' Association, 2008-04) Button, Patrick
Most of the literature on how different electoral systems affect voter turnout compares plurality-majority systems with proportional representation systems. There is, however, little research on how mixed systems affect voter turnout. My research uses a large international data set of parliamentary elections between 1960 and 2000 to investigate if there is any difference in voter turnout between mixed systems, plurality-majority systems, and proportional representation systems. A regression model is used to model voter turnout to empirically determine the extent to which the electoral system matters in determining voter turnout. The results of this research are particularly important for countries or provinces that are considering electoral reform to a mixed system as a way to mitigate decreasing voter turnout. The research will indicate if electoral reform will help increase voter turnout, or if it will be a failed attempt. My research uses a large international data set to run a regression model to determine if mixed electoral systems encourage voter turnout more than plurality-majority systems and proportional representation systems.
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The Effect of Fibre Supplementation on glucose and lipid profiles of older adults with Type 2 diabetes
(University of Regina, Graduate Students' Association, 2008-04) Bonsu, Nana
Canada has experienced a rapid increase in the age of its population over the past century. By 2031, 25% of its population will be over the age of 65 years. With this rapid increase in the aging population has come an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases, such as Type 2 diabetes. Older adults (60 years of age and greater) who develop Type 2 diabetes increase the chances of developing other health risk factors such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the most prevalent chronic disease in Canada. Having low blood lipids is a good indicator of health status. Dietary soluble fibre has been shown to have positive effects on blood lipid and glucose levels. However, it is unknown whether fibre supplementation, especially fiber made of inulin, has a beneficial effect on blood lipid and glucose levels in the older adults who have Type 2 diabetes. The objectives of this thesis will be to determine the effects of fibre supplementation of blood lipids and glucose profiles in older adults with Type 2 diabetes. Dependent variables to be assessed prior to and following the planned intervention include total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and blood glucose. These variables will be assessed using standard blood testing procedures. Forty volunteers will be randomized to supplement with either fibre or placebo for 12 weeks. Forty older adults with Type 2 diabetes will be randomized into two groups to receive either a placebo or a fibre supplement composed of inulin. The effects of the fibre supplement on blood glucose and blood lipid levels will be observed over a 12 week period.
Open Access
Effects of liquid sloshing on the strength and fatigue life of the subframe of a b-train liquid cargo vehicle
(University of Regina, Graduate Students' Association, 2008-04) Chen, Di
This work presents a novel approach for estimating the static/dynamic strength and fatigue life of a sub-frame of a B-Train liquid cargo tank vehicle under the effect of forces generated during the dynamic movement of liquid inside the tank. The present research in this thesis describes the necessity of consideration of the liquid sloshing effects in a liquid cargo tank vehicle. The tank vehicles transporting liquid cargo are the most unstable vehicles operating on the roads, yet very few researchers have tried to relate fatigue failure and liquid sloshing. Fatigue analysis of heavy liquid cargo vehicles is insignificant without considering the effects of the liquid motion taking place inside the tank container. The present research presents an effective study of the traditional static analysis and the dynamic approach. It also describes the importance of dynamic/transient analysis in estimating the life of a vehicle structure. The work is then extended by presenting a methodology to integrate these forces due to the fluid dynamics with the structural dynamics of the sub-frame. The stress spectra are implemented in an existing fatigue analysis technique to estimate the service life of the sub-frame. The result of the research provides guidance for a tank vehicle designer to develop a B-Train sub-frame.
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Examination of the utility of respite services on stress reduction for parents of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(University of Regina, Graduate Students' Association, 2008-04) Ruzic, Tamara; Wright, Kristi D.; Stulberg, Shelley; Kaiser, Stephanie
Research suggests that parents of children with mental health disorders have higher incidences of stress, physical illnesses, mental illnesses, and substance use. Of particular salience to the current project are the needs of parents of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). More frequent and intense parent-child relational disruptions are observed within families with children with ADHD than families without children with diagnosed disorders. Respite care is one of the community services that may maintain and enhance the functioning of families of children and youth with mental health disorders. The current project was designed to provide parents with indirect respite by offering a structured athletic activity for a group of 10-12 children (ages 7-12) with ADHD twice per week for 13 weeks. Parent/child demographics, levels of parental perceived stress, and child psychopathology were measured at baseline and at completion of program. Individual positive and negative targeted behaviours were recorded during each session. It is anticipated that participation in this program will result in (1) decreased levels of parental perceived stress; (2) decreased levels of child psychopathology; (3) decreased frequency of targeted negative child behaviours; and (4) increased frequency of targeted positive child behaviours. A recreational respite program was designed for a group of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is anticipated that participation in this program will reduce levels of parental stress, as well as decrease levels of child psychopathology.
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Fear of Pain as a Predictive Discriminator for Chronic Pain: A Meta-Analysis
(University of Regina, Graduate Students' Association, 2008-04) Otte, Shaylynn; Asmundson, R. N.
Fear of pain (FOP), which refers to pain-related fear and pain-related anxiety, has survival value in allowing an individual to avoid or escape potentially dangerous situations (Asmundson, Norton, Crombez, 2004). However, excessive FOP may result in catastrophic expectations regarding pain. For some these expectations may result in maladaptive chronic pain (pain lasting longer than three months). Individuals with high FOP are more likely to develop chronic pain than individuals with low FOP. The purpose of the project was to empirically determine, using available information from studies, what constitutes high and low FOP for the Pain Anxiety Symptom Scale (PASS; McCracken, Zayfert, Gross, 1992), the Pain Anxiety Symptom Scale-20 (PASS-20; McCracken & Dhingra, 2002), the Fear of Pain Questionnaire (FPQ-III; McNeil & Rainwater, 1998), and the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS; Sullivan, Bishop, & Pivik, 1995). Cut-off scores for high and low FOP may help to identify those who are at risk for developing chronic pain. Using independent t-tests and a large effect size (r>.25) as indicative of a significant difference, chronic pain groups were found to report statistically significant higher scores on the PASS, PASS-20, and PCS than the healthy control group. A cut-off score (i.e., pooled chronic sample M minus .5 SD) of 63 for the PASS, 30 for the PASS-20 and 18 for the PCS is suggested to identify individuals potentially at risk for pain chronicity. These results are discussed in terms of their implications and directions for future research. Cut-off scores for a variety of fear of pain measures may help to identify those who are at risk for developing chronic pain. A cut-off score of 63 for the PASS, 30 for the PASS-20 and 18 for the PCS is suggested to identify individuals potentially at risk for pain chronicity.
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For the good of the games or the community? Case Study of the 2002 and 1998 FIFA World Cup
(University of Regina, Graduate Students' Association, 2008-04) Carey, Meaghan
The purpose of this research project was to explore the negative impacts of hosting a mega-event. The paper specifically addresses the FIFA Men’s World Cup Final Tournament: Korea Japan 2002 and France 1998. The argument is made that improper planning methods and overestimating of benefits has had negative impacts on recent hosts. The methodology used is comparative case study analysis by conducting an extensive review of existing literature and event-related documents. The findings are constructed to present a narrative of the experiences of France and Korea Japan. The analysis highlights the distinct challenges and successes of these host regions. The 1998 World Cup in France was plagued with fan violence, causing not only injury to citizens and vandalism but also the displacement of citizens using local services. The 2002 World Cup in Korea Japan was the most expensive FIFA tournament to date, placing a large financial burden on the taxpayers of Korea and Japan without the realization of stated benefits by event organizers. Drawing on these experiences, two recommendations are made in encourage sustainability efforts. First, further empirically based research of the long-term social and environmental impacts to determine if stated event legacies are achieved. Second, the addition of social impact assessment to monitoring practices, which will better identify the affects of the event and the changing urban environment on the host region. The essay concludes that transparency and accountability resulting from critical questioning of independent organizations will be key to the sustainability of mega events. Assessment of harmful social and financial impacts on citizens caused by the hosting of a mega-event and related policy decisions.
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I Hate My Body! The Relationship Between Social Physique Anxiety, Attitudes, Affect, and Exercise Motivation
(University of Regina, Graduate Students' Association, 2008-04) Bovell, Candice; Welch, Patrick G.; Otte, Shaylynn; Asmundson, Gordon J. G.
Social Physique Anxiety (SPA), the fear that others are negatively evaluating one's body (Hart, Leary, & Rejeski, 1989), is found in both men and women and is associated with low-self esteem, depression, and body dissatisfaction (Krane, Waldron, Stiles-Shipley, & Michalenok, 2001; McCreary & Sasse, 2000). SPA has also been found to motivate coping behaviours designed to reduce the anxiety and fear caused by this real or perceived negative evaluation (Kowalski, Mack, Crocker, Niefer, & Fleming, 2006; Sabiston, Sedgwick, Crocker, Kowalski, Mack, 2007). One such potentially adaptive behaviour is exercise; however, the motivation for exercise may be limited to aesthetic improvement, which in turn may affect the enjoyment and persistence of the behaviour. The current investigation examined the associations between SPA, drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, depression, reasons for exercise, and physical activity enjoyment in an undergraduate sample. Eighty-nine students (35 men and 54 women) from the University of Regina between the ages of 18-46 (M= 21.2 years; SD = 3.8) participated in this study. The results of the study show that SPA is significantly correlated with depression, a desire to be thin, and exercising for appearance or weight management. Comprehensive results, implications, and directions for future research are discussed. An examination of social physique anxiety, drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, depression, reasons for exercise, and physical activity enjoyment in an undergraduate sample.
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Identifying women with low bone mass: A systematic review of screening tools
(University of Regina, Graduate Students' Association, 2008-04) McLeod, Katherine M.; Johnson, Shanthi
Purpose: Measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the method of choice for detecting low bone mass and increased risk of osteoporotic fracture; however, DXA is costly and not widely available. Several screening tools have been developed to identify women with increased risk, who would most benefit from DXA screening, based on an evaluation of risk factors associated with osteoporosis. This study assessed the effectiveness of osteoporosis risk factor screening tools in determining postmenopausal women at risk of developing osteoporosis. Methods: Appropriate databases and sources of primary studies were identified. A systematic review of the literature using a comprehensive search strategy was employed and all citations were stored. Exclusion criteria were established, final selected articles were coded. Study characteristics were tabulated and comparisons of effectiveness were made followed by discussion of limitations and conclusions of the review. Results: The systematic review revealed 10 different screening tools. Of these, six were included after quality assessment. Conclusions: The screening tools reviewed are useful in identifying postmenopausal Caucasian women in need of DXA screening. Performance was relatively consistent for all screening tools regardless of the number of risk factors used, but for clinicians and researchers, the Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool (OST) is the simplest approach to determine individuals at risk of osteoporosis. There is still a need for further validation of screening instruments in both men and ethnicities other than Caucasian. Experiences with the systematic review process as well as the use of screening tools will be highlighted. A systematic review was performed assessing the effectiveness of osteoporosis risk factor screening tools in determining postmenopausal women at risk of developing osteoporosis. Performance was relatively consistent for all screening tools regardless of the number of risk factors used, but for clinicians and researchers, the Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool (OST) is the simplest approach to determine individuals at risk of osteoporosis.
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The Impact of Meaningful Targets in a Visual Search Task
(University of Regina, Graduate Students' Association, 2008-04) Reynard, Janine; Phenix, Tom
Sometimes, people can learn things from their environment even though they are not aware of it. This unconscious learning is referred to as implicit learning. The purpose of this study is to help better understand the role of implicit learning when looking for visual targets in a familiar context (i.e., looking for words in a word search puzzle). Chun and Jiang (1998) discovered that people will unconsciously learn the locations of targets that appear in repeated locations. However, the targets used in their study were meaningless. This study will examine whether people will implicitly learn meaningful targets (e.g., words) differently than meaningless targets (e.g., non-words). We want to know whether our novel word search puzzle will demonstrate an implicit memory effect. Each participant in this investigation received 30 word search puzzles. The word search puzzles contained repeated patterns of where the words were located. Depending on the condition the participant was randomly assigned to, they would have either received 2 different spatial configurations along with several random patterns, or 4 different spatial configurations along with several random patterns. Participant’s completion time for each puzzle was measured. If the participant learned the repeated spatial configurations, then they should have become faster on these puzzles compared to the random configuration puzzles. If the participant didn’t notice the repeated spatial configurations and yet the completion times for these puzzles still decreased (i.e., became faster), then it will be concluded that the participant implicitly learned some of the spatial configurations.
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Influence of Thin Film Drainage between Oil Slugs and Capillary Wall on Initial Differential Pressure
(University of Regina, Graduate Students' Association, 2008-04) Cheng, Gang
Experimental results are discussed in this conference on oil slugs trapped in a capillary tube. Such an experimental set-up is employed as a simplified model to simulate residual oil trapped in porous structures of reservoirs. Differential pressures across the oil slug are measured under different hours of drainage time. Same experiments have been repeated on air slugs and similar results have been obtained. It is observed that under the same drainage time, the greater the lengths of the oil/air slugs are, the lower the values of the differential pressures are recorded. It is hypothesized that the mechanism behind this phenomenon is the drainage and devlopment of a water film in between the oil/air slug and the wall of the capillary. The thickness of the water film significantly affects mobilization of the oil/air slugs trapped in the capillaries. Further research work is being conducted to verify this hypothesis experimentally and numerically. This work investigates the relationship between the drainage of the water film and mobilization of oil/air slugs trapped in a capillary.
Open Access
Intimate Partner Mistreatment and Its Influence on Subsequent Interpersonal Relationships
(University of Regina, Graduate Students' Association, 2008-04) Will, Natasha; Shercliffe, Regan
My research aims to determine whether mistreatment by a partner in an intimate relationship affects women’s current relationships. Another goal is to edtermine whether women recognize abuse in its various forms. I will measure anxiety, depression and interpersonal relationship satisfaction in participants to assess whether intimate partner mistreatment is correlated with an increase in negative symptoms. Survey questions will provide demographic information and expand on the results of the measures. Mistreatment by intimate partners is believed to have serious physical and psychological consequences. There is a positive correlation between the level of mistreatment and the extent of negative symptoms. (Brown, Hill, Lambert, 2005; Haj-Yahia, 1999). Psychological or emotional and sexual abuse have been postulated as more detrimental to women than physical abuse (Haj-Yahia, 1999) yet this is often overlooked as it is not readily visible and, difficult to measure (Lips, 2006). Furthermore it is hard to do me than correlate outcomes with potential causes. The results of tmy survey can be used to educate the public and professionals about the incidence of relationship abuse and its subsequent impact on women. My research will assess the influence of mistreatment by intimate partners on current interpersonal relationships.
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Is self-regulation depletion graded?
(University of Regina, Graduate Students' Association, 2008-04) Schierle, Jade; Arbuthnott, Katherine D.
When we conceal our emotions, it is more difficult for us to subsequently perform other tasks that also require self-control (John & Gross, 2004). It has thus been hypothesized that self-regulation requires a depletable resource (Schmeichel & Baumeister, 2004). The present study examined whether this depletion is graded, increasing with greater time exercising self-control. Participants watched one or two emotionally evocative films, and half were asked to hide their emotions while watching the film(s). Their faces were recorded, and coding indicates that participants followed these instructions, as those in the suppression group were both less expressive and reported more difficulty with the task than those in the normal expression group. After participants were finished watching the film(s) they completed verbal and nonverbal fluency tasks which were previously found to detect self-regulation depletion (Schmeichel, Demaree, Robinson & Pu, 2006). However, in this study, fluency performance did not differ as a function of emotion expression. This finding suggests that self-regulation depletion does not occur under all conditions, either because expression control was not sufficiently effortful in this study, or that different types of self-control (i.e., emotional and cognitive) do not require the same resource. We hypothesized that the depletion of self-regulation occurs in a graded fashion. Upon investigation, this hypothesis was not supported, but suggests that there may be different ressources for emotional and cognitive self-regulation.
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The Lesser Evil in Political Thought
(University of Regina, Graduate Students' Association, 2008-04) Carpenter, Michael
Recent scholarship has begun to challenge the prevailing lesser-evil approach to politics which pits rights and freedoms against order and security. Most liberal scholars attempt to chart a careful (and slippery) course between the perceived poles of moralism and pragmatism. The apparently irreconcilable political views of such paradigmatic thinkers as Kant and Machiavelli stand at the fountainhead of this debate, now being played out on the world stage in the so-called War on Terror, and several scholars have recently begun to question the assumptions of this difficult balancing act. Perhaps appeals to rights and freedoms should not be framed as deontological concerns in tension with practical exigencies; rather, there might be a consequentialist argument for the primacy of rights and freedoms in the struggle for order and security. This would have strong implications for the conduct of government secrecy and intelligence gathering, and perhaps most importantly, for the status of human rights in the twenty-first century. Recent scholarship challenges the prevailing liberal doctrine of "the lesser evil" in politics.
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Measuring and Defining Depression in the Uzbek Population
(University of Regina, Graduate Students' Association, 2008-04) Mustafaeva, Shahlo; Shercliffe, Regan
The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that a culturally appropriate depression scale can be developed and used in an understudied, culturally distinct population, and that such a scale will be more sensitive in identifying depression. This study details the process of developing and evaluating a depression-screening tool for an Uzbek population. 190 Uzbek students participated in the assessment of the psychometric properties of the original version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and an experimental Uzbek version of the CES-D. The results of this study suggest that the Uzbek CES-D is more sensitive in screening for depression in Uzbek population than the original CES-D. Evidence that supports the content validity and reliability is presented. This study also included open-ended questions to identify the terms and phrases Uzbek people use for depression, and what symptoms they associate with it. We conclude that depressive symptoms can be reliably assessed by the Uzbek CED-D in Uzbek population. Moreover, this study may help suggest appropriate clinical and community health strategies in identifying and treating depression in Central Asian populations. This study outlines the development of the Uzbek Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and compares the effectiveness of the standard CES-D with an Uzbek version of the CES-D in screening for depression among the Uzbek population.
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Methodology for the City of Regina Waste Characterization Audit, 2007-8
(University of Regina, Graduate Students' Association, 2008-04) Canart, Christina M; McMartin, Dena W.
In an effort to improve solid waste management strategic planning, long-term design objectives and waste diversion activities, the City of Regina engaged the University of Regina to conduct a solid waste characterization audit at the Fleet Street Landfill. The methods applied are based on the 1998 CCME and the related 2005 Alberta Environment Provincial Waste Characteristic Framework. The Waste Characterization Study data is derived from a landfill-based, direct, waste analysis and establishes both empirical baseline data and comprehensive methodologies for the collection of all sources of solid waste. The current research focuses primarily on the analysis of residential solid waste generation with consideration of IC&I (Institutional, Commercial and Industrial) and the Regina Small Vehicle Transport Station. The study characterizes land-filled solid waste within the City of Regina for a twelve month period to reflect seasonal changes in the generation and composition of solid waste. The study will attempt to track any changes in waste composition during the phased 2007 and 2008 service changes from front street manual to the front street automated cart system, and determine correlations between waste production and type of collection system, seasonal variations, and the geography of production within the city.
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Noise Impact at Dorval Residential Area
(University of Regina, Graduate Students' Association, 2008-04) Ahmied, Abdalbast
The consequence of any airport operation results in environmental impacts associated with high levels of noises and vibrations. These possibly will have severe negative effects to workers and surrounding residents and their properties. Here we look at the noise impacts associated with the operation of Montreal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport in Montreal, Canada. Field measurements were taken in order to determine noise levels at different locations at the surrounding residential area of the airport. First, the study discusses the fundamentals of sound, such as physics, concept, intensity and speed of sound. In addition, the study reviews other studies and models that related to this study. For example,six-step model and Japanese Civil Aviation Bureau Model. Moreover, the discussion covers Montreal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport in terms of background information, environmental policy and sounds cape management. Finally, A case study is discussed in details, such as methodology, results of noise levels and evaluates the noise impact using Canadian standards for residential areas. The project will focus on the basic physics of sound, such as the concept of sound, sound intensity, speed of sound, sound pressure level, and noise and its exposure level.

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